And same doping contents means same oxygen vacancy density. And as shown here, cerium ion, Nd ion, samarium ion, gadolinium ion, ytterium, ytterbium, scandium ion can be used as a doping element. So the oxide ion conductivity should be decreased due to these phenomena. High doping content the results in high density of oxygen vacancies, but too high doping contents result in oxygen or oxygen vacancy ordering, oxygen vacancy clustering, and decrease in effective mobility. Then let's think about the effect of doping elements and content. And oxygen zirconia also show good stability under high and low oxygen partial pressure. And by doping of the some important atoms with 3+ charges at zirconium 4+ charges site, we can generate oxygen vacancy. As you know, the required required property in electrolyte material is high ionic conductivity and low electronic conductivity. It show issue high oxide ion conductivity and also show low electronic conductivity. More on electrolyte material, doped zirconia is widely used the current SOFC. And lanthanum manganite oxide-based material and lanthanum cobalt oxide-based material can be used as a cathode material. And nickel GDC, GDC is the gadolinia-doped ceria, and nickel, ruthenium, platinum can also be used as an anode material. And for anode, the various assignment of nickel YSZ, ruthen YSZ, nickel SDC, SDC is the samaria-doped ceria. And Strontium-doped lanthanum chromite oxide and calcium-doped lanthanum chromite oxide and alloys are the nickel-chrome and feritic steel and ducrolloy are used as an interconnecting material. These materials are oxide ion conductors and also silicon and doped barium cerate can also be used to pull low temperature of the solid oxide fuel set the because this is on proton conductor. For example, calcium, magnesium, scandium, yttrium doped zirconia, and samarium gadolinium, yttrium doped ceria, and calcium, strontium, barium, gadolinium, yttrium doped bismuth oxide and strontium magnesium conduct, lanthanum gallate can be used as an electrolyte material. So based on this required properties that as shown here, so there are so many promising materials have been developed. As shown here, we already discussed about the required properties for SOFC component, including electrolyte, interconnector, anode and cathode. In this lecture, we are going to talk about the detailed mechanism, which is a later with the oxide ion and proton conduction.
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